Friday, August 8, 2014

The Darwin Awards: Proving Charles Right Since 1985


It was either Harlan Ellison or Frank Zappa that said, “The two most abundant things in the universe are hydrogen and stupidity.” The latter couldn’t be closer to the truth. Everyday around water coolers, digging ditches with pals, or having drinks with the buddies, somebody has a story about someone doing something stupid. In certain circles we call these less-than-subpar intelligence life-forms pariahs and outcasts…
In other circles…
Well, they’re sort of…ya know…celebrated…
That’s right. Every year since around 1985 the dumbest of the dumb have been forever immortalized. At first the list circulated via word of mouth, but then in 1993 the list hit the Internet, and by 2000 books were in print, and morons were mainstream.
Nowadays we can get most of our fill of the flippantly foolish and foppish from videos via YouTube. (Say that ten times fast…) But for some, well, there’s www.DarwinAwards.com. That’ll give you the most comprehensive list of the dumbest, dopiest, dolts that have ever attempted to do something going against the very laws of intelligence itself, and were immediately witch-slapped in the face by the good ol’ backhand of karma for it.
Today at TI&IT we’re going to delve into the world of the mentally deficient and the half-baked. All of these examples can be found at the website mentioned above, and if you’d like to purchase some of the print versions of “The Darwin Awards” by Wendy Northcutt I will include a link at the end of the article. Without her delightful investigative reporting of the idiotic we wouldn’t have these wonderfully witless antics to tickle your whimsy today.
Before we get into the brain cell deficient however, let’s give you all a little background on The Darwin Awards for those of you unfamiliar. Trust me; there is no shortage of nominees either.

The Origin of Stupidity


I agree Yoda. And so do the rules of being a nominee for the Darwin Awards. See…now this may sound a touch insensitive, but there is only one of two ways for someone to be bestowed this honor. The nominee had to have done something monumentally stupid and died, or they had to have done something that caused them to become sterile. Either way, they have to remove themselves from the gene pool somehow.
Now that may seem a bit harsh but there isn’t exactly a rarity of rash simpletons amongst the throngs of the human race. In fact, with the advent of Social Media it seems stupidity is growing at an even faster and much more alarming rate. But how exactly did the Darwin Awards get kicked off?
The Darwin Awards first began on the Internet of course…well, not exactly the Internet. More like the Internet’s second closest ancestor. Usenet. Don’t know what that is? Not a big deal, it’s the topic of our next section.

AOL Killed the Bulletin Board Star


The history of unnatural selection seems to date back to the 1980s and an early version of the Internet called “Usenet”. Usenet, like the Arpanet, was a precursor to the Internet we use today. It was somewhere between a hybrid of email and an internet web forum, loosely resembling a bulletin board, hence the term “Bulletin Board System”. Yet aside from being drastically different than Arpanet (Which was the original Internet developed by the military), their limitations, and a radical wan in popularity; like the ardor of a Twilight girl’s fandom they refuse to die.
Take “Mono” as it’s known affectionately by its users worldwide for instance. Www.mono.org will take you to a BBS that’s not only still up and running, but is still actively contributed to with 5,000+ threads going up monthly. BBS’s could be navigated with the use of a keyboard only, which was good, considering the computer mouse wasn’t a widely used accessory when BBSs were first introduced.
It was an easy way for the general populace to upload and share valuable information anywhere in the world with ease. That’s what made it a natural forum for the unnaturally yet delightfully dimwitted antics of Darwin-ites the whole world over. When people began their jolly journalism of criminal folly they started by uploading to Usenet in the 80s. The response? Worldwide reception of an elated nature. Everyone wanted more, so it made sense that when the World Wide Web (your [WWW] prefix in the URL) went live in the mid-90s, the Darwin Awards found themselves a proper home on a proper server.
 While Bulletin Board Systems have found themselves outdated and outnumbered by the onslaught of online forums, the Darwin Awards have found themselves an unrivaled acclaim amongst the masses. It’s no wonder. The dumber someone else is the smarter it makes us feel. That’s psychology 101 folks. But how do we know that these people really existed? Let alone could possibly be so stupid!?
Wendy faced that same problem as well. How did she deal with it you ask?
Well…that’s why we call it “journalism”.

Submission, Confirmation, and Reward


Since Wendy’s brilliant concept went global she literally receives thousands of Darwin Award candidates in her inbox every day. Naturally, this is difficult to sort through. I’m sure all of the stories are likely hilarious (what I’d give to see her email…) but that brings us to our next segment, verification. How do we know all of these stories are true?
This was headed off in 1985 on a Usenet post describing the awards as being, “given posthumously to people who have made the supreme sacrifice to keep their genes out of our pool. Style counts, not everyone who dies from their own stupidity can win.” Since 1995 every submission that’s made it onto the website and into her various book compilations has been personally verified through local sources and tedious investigative reporting. Some entries however have been “grandfathered” in to protect their titles as they were put up long before she had the means to prove the verity of them. Either way, whatever’s clever I say.
While Wendy probably wasn’t the one who started the Usenet group (I have no way to verify the identity of the original poster on the discussion forum), she did start the website, and she did write the books. That is why I have to give her the credit in this article today. If you visit the website you will see that each article is categorized at the outset by the phrases, “confirmed true by Darwin,” or “Unconfirmed”. Confirmed true by Darwin doesn’t mean Charles popped out of his grave and said, “Yep, met that twit in the afterlife and he’s just as daft as his epitaph states!” It means that Northcutt herself has verified the claims through various means.
By 2000 the first book (pictured above) went into print, and thank the Lord for that, because I’ve never laughed so hard in my life then when I picked up my first copy. It’s a good thing it took off too, because Wendy gave up a lucrative career in Neurobiology doing research on Cancer and telomerase. (Telomerase are the enzymes responsible for cell aging, a potential “fountain of youth” if you will. Currently they’re kind of a big deal…)


Initially she received resistance in getting her works published by companies telling her to remove her works from the Internet first and then they’d talk. She refused, stating that “It’s a community! I could not do that, even though it might have cost me a lot of money, I kept saying no.” Eventually a publisher named “Plume” took up the sword of her silver tongue and agreed to print her works containing 10% of the material found on her website.
Kudos Plume. Good call.
She’s received numerous letters supporting her, almost as many as the letters defaming her. One person is quoted as writing in, “This is horrible. It has shocked our community to the core. You should remove this.” Not a chance. Sorry to say but if your loved one did something stupid enough to make it into a News report, then they will likely be remembered only for that mistake anyway.
There are honorable mentions on the website as well, people that were inordinately stupid but didn’t meet the requirements for the actual award. Some of the people actually survive the stupid, which sometimes can be amazing in and of itself considering the criteria. Speaking of which, let’s talk about the criteria next and finish up today with some of the greatest goofballs who ever “lived”.

Ten Pounds of Dumb in a Five Pound Sack


If YouTube has taught this current generation anything at all it’s that not everyone was blessed with an abundance of smarts. Thankfully for the rest of us it provides morbid and cheap entertainment. I say morbid because in order to be considered for a Darwin Award you have to be, well, dead.
That isn’t the only stipulation. You can sterilize yourself as well. Either way, as long as you can’t reproduce, regardless of why, and your headstone can read as a cautionary tale to others, you may just be eligible. This is the criteria as posted by Wikipedia:

Inability to reproduce

·         The nominee must be dead or rendered sterile. This has been the subject of dispute. Some are off the table because of age, others have already reproduced. Wendy dealt with this issue head-on by issuing what’s called “The Deserted Island Test”. If the nominee would be unable to reproduce with a fertile member of the opposite sex on a deserted island, then the nominee would be eligible, so long as they meet the rest of the criteria.

Excellence

·         This doesn’t mean what you think it means. Excellence is awarded for outstandingly stupid judgment. The candidates must be unique in their idiocy. Example: Swimming into a lake to retrieve a golf ball and being eaten by an alligator, while unlucky, not eligible. Swimming into a lake to retrieve a golf-ball that’s surrounded everywhere by clearly posted signs in 120 pt. font saying, “Keep Out! Alligators will eat you!” Eligible.

Self-selection

·         You made it happen to yourself. I.E. killing a friend with a shotgun you didn’t know was loaded, dumb, but not eligible for an award. Killing yourself with a shotgun while trying to exterminate an annoying fly buzzing around your kitchen, extremely eligible.

Maturity

·         Capable of sound judgment. Nominees must be past the legal age of consent and be able to at least drive and must not be mentally infirm. Picking on the handicapped is not only mean, it’s not admissible.  

Veracity

·         The story must be confirmed, one way or another.

So there you have it, anybody can be dumb, and that’s why rules needed to be put in place, because anybody can be spectacularly stupid, but only the chosen few get to be Darwin Award recipients. Let’s take a look at a few examples of awardees over the last couple of decades.

That’s One Way to Pierce it…


Labeled as an “At-Risk Survivor” by Northcutt’s website, in 2009 an Oklahoma resident concocted a half-cocked plan to (assumptively anyway…) keep thieves off his property without killing anybody. The idea sounds noble enough. The young man was replacing the pellets in his shotgun shells with plumber’s putty, which would create a sort of rubber bullet on the cheap.
Everything was going great, until, like all great ideas, the testing phase. The man, with a pillow for protection, fired a round of his experimental projectile into his abdomen. The first test was successful so he removed the pillow to see what the damage would be without a buffer in between. Needless to say…the damage was…extensive…
The young man is reported as saying, “Something went wrong, but what?”
I’m no expert, but I’m going to have to assume it went wrong when you decided to play human Guinea Pig sir. But Kudos on your award.

“I Believe I Can Fly…Oh Wait…No I Can’t”


It makes no difference which era you were born in, stupidity has abounded since man bounded into a bipedal state. Take Franz Reichelt (pictured above) for instance. No, he wasn’t an early 20th century version of Batman, turns out, that strange little garment he’s wearing, wasn’t just a fashion statement either. It was intended to be a parachute.
Needless to say it didn’t catch on. In 1912, Reichelt, convinced his invention would work, gathered the press together at the base of the Eiffel Tower in France. Getting up on a platform at the top he readied himself for his dummy drop. And a dummy drop it was as the dummy fell from the top of the tower and plummeted respectively to his death.
Good thing Orville and Wilbur didn’t take their early aviation lessons from Franz, eh? This story was confirmed by a personal account in 2003. Congratulations on your award Mr. Reichelt, you certainly earned it.

Low-Speed Pursuit


In 2005, 26-year-old Joseph of Indiana got it in his head he was going to run from the police. His mode of transportation? Why, a moped of course! With the fuzz on his tail and the wind in his hair, ol’ Joe gunned the throttle on his little Yamaha and took off like a bat out of…well…a nursing home… In a blaze of light, he was off!
Or so he would have had he not been on a moped…
After redlining the glorified scooter to a maddening 40 MPH (64 Km/h) he was almost home free…until he sped through an intersection and lost control. This Hell’s Angel on a hummingbird crashed dead-on into a tree killing himself instantly.
Probably should have stuck to Grand Theft Auto video games Joey.

This Lady Takes the Cake


Sometimes the stories you can’t prove tend to be the funniest of all. This one is an at-risk survivor, an unconfirmed story, but the woman is twice disqualified since she has bred post-incident. What did she do you ask? Well, let’s just say, her intelligence, and her pastries, were slightly half-baked.
Coming home from a long shift at work, the unnamed nominee decided to bake some cake for the little ones. Things were going great as she added in the ingredients to the bowl and mixed them with her antique electric beater. The problem with these beaters though is that the cord wasn’t permanently fastened into the base of the mixer, it was detachable.
Whilst mixing, the cord came free and landed smack dab into the batter. She set the mixer aside and decided to go about cleanup the old fashioned way; by licking the batter clean. Sticking the ungrounded electrical cord into her mouth she was quite literally shocked at the stupidity of her mistake shortly thereafter.
While we said she was disqualified, what makes this story worth an honorable mention is the end. Turns out, the woman was a First Aide safety instructor as her profession. Needless to say, she gives quite an electrifying lecture on the dos and don’ts of powered kitchen appliances.

Peeping PedrĂ³ Plummets through Prison per Pornography



Another story confirmed true by Wendy Northcutt, in 1999, in a Mexican prison there was a small interruption to an inmate’s intimate moment. Raul Diaz was a guard well known for taking up the shift on the roof overseeing the correctional facilities inhabitants during conjugal visits. For those of you who don’t know what a conjugal visit is…let’s just say…”private time”.
While privacy isn’t exactly a top tier concern in most penal systems, this private’s penile activity seemed to be under an unnatural amount of scrutiny from Diaz. Diaz however got his when, not paying attention, he tripped over an air vent and came crashing down into the room where “boom boom” time was in full swing.
Outraged the inmate tried to start a failed riot. Local law enforcement recovered a dirty magazine and a pair of binoculars on the hapless corpse of the hard-up with a hard-on. The porn? Retained as evidence. The binoculars? Returned to the family of the deceased as they held “sentimental value”.
I’ll tell you this much…
He certainly put the “mental” in “sentimental”.

So there you have it. I’m sure if you head over to the website and just click on the “Random Story” button you’ll be laughing like an idiot for hours on end. I know I certainly was. Just remember, whenever you think you’re dumb…
…at least you don’t have an award for it.

-       Ryan Sanders


Thanks for reading everyone! Feel free to share the dumb around on Twitter and Facebook! Be sure to head over to the To Infinity and…In Theory Facebook page to give us a like, and follow us on Twitter @ToInf_InTheory. Follow any of the links below for further reading and to pick up a copy of any of Wendy Northcutt’s wonderful works! Happy Learning! And P.S., don’t be a Darwin Award Recipient! Not everyone should strive to be the best!

-       Wiki on Usenet














Thursday, August 7, 2014

How Scared Should We Be of Ebola?


How scared should we be of Ebola?
That’s a loaded question if I ever heard one.
The truth is, it depends where you live. People in Sierra Leone should probably be more afraid of Ebola than people in Seattle. The problem is, when the media gets ahold of something like a virus with no known cure that only rears its retroactive head once every 20 years, things can go a little…dare I say…wonky?
Personally, I’m not afraid of Ebola. Certainly it would be awful should I contract the disease but what am I going to do about it? There’s no definitive cure for the malady and the only options are certain death and miraculous recovery, the latter of which is rare as a politician with a soul.  
But should you be afraid of it?
Once again…depends.
Today at To Infinity and…In Theory we’re going to talk about a topic that’s been flooding the news. Ebola. We’ll discuss the history of its origin, the virus itself, what several arguably insanely brilliant Zairian doctors did to help move along research during its last epidemic, some possible methods scientists are looking into as cures, and finally, the question everyone has been worried sick over…
Should we fear Ebola?
Let’s head on over to the unluckiest continent on planet Earth, and see if we can’t demystify some of the facts about this nasty bugger. We’ll answer the big question first. Where did this disease come from? And why don’t we know very much about it?

Welcome to Zaire


The first recorded case of Ebola was out of Zaire, Africa in 1976. By the time aid workers arrived there though, the virus had already run its course. There was nothing to really study, most of the victims had already died or managed to pull through. All that was left was the disposal of contaminated corpses. The only reason the first outbreak was quelled was because the village elders of the areas wised up and disbanded funeral rights in favor of mass burials. In their culture a funeral involved the people handling the corpse, which as we now know, is a method for the disease to find new hosts. The Zairians were unwittingly spreading it the whole time.
When the morning bell tolled 280 had been reported dead, 318 infected in Zaire. The bordering country of Sudan also felt the sting of the disease in 1976 as well. 284 people were affected by the syndrome and 151 were reported dead in the aftermath of that incident. But it was all over…well…not exactly.
Throughout the coming years there would be reported cases of Ebola circulating worldwide, from the Philippines, to Italy, and even here in the U.S. However, the mortality rate of these reports remained at 0% with less than a trillionth of the populous even experiencing symptoms in each of the aforementioned regions. In other words, less than ten total worldwide in between African outbreaks. And most of these cases involved primates. But then in 1994 and 1995 all hell broke loose once more.



Between the fall of ‘94 and the fall of ‘96, Gabon which borders the Congo was struck. Initially the symptoms were thought to be that of Yellow Fever, a disease which is a common ailment in the area. People began returning home from gold-mining camps sick as the dickens and there was nothing doctors could seem to do to treat them. By the seeming end of the outbreak only 31 were dead and 52 had been afflicted. Thankfully this outbreak had been smaller than Zaire’s…
But Zaire wasn’t done yet…
Remember I mentioned this is the twenty year sickness? It’s not a literal term, more of a moniker doled out by the News of the time, but it’s fitting, because almost twenty years after the first outbreak of Zaire in 1976, in 1995 it happened again. A hospital in Kikwit performed a medical procedure on a patient carrying Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever. They didn’t know unfortunately, and spread it throughout the hospital. The next Zairian apocalypse began.


This time the CDC (Center for Disease Control) and the WHO (World Health Organization) were on top of things. They immediately dispatched doctors from all corners of the world including Switzerland, France, and the United States. This time they were in the thick of the pandemic. That’s good for everyone. Right?
Eh…depends…
It’s all a matter of perspective really. If you watch the documentary Nova made in the ‘90’s called “Plague Fighters” it might change the way you see things. During the course of the outbreak the foreign pathogen experts encountered…dare I say, cultural barriers?
Africa wasn’t exactly known for its high level of education at that point in its history. Almost the entirety of the population was illiterate which made spreading information about controlling contamination factors exceedingly difficult. There was no radio, television, or internet. The only way to spread it was word of mouth or through posters such as these ones below:





But most couldn’t read it. And when people were told to report their sick and dying to foreigners and men in suits and masks they were terrified. Think about it. How would you feel if someone who didn’t even speak your language came to your house and said your grandma had to go with them because she was sick? I’m sure you’d feel more than reluctant to relinquish her to them wouldn’t you? I would. And that’s what was happening. Villagers who couldn’t read the signs didn’t understand the seriousness of the situation and by the time they did it was far too late.


With a mortality rate of 79%, in the wake of this tragedy 315 were infected from onset and 250 were dead. Scientists spent their time there trying to figure out the source of the outbreak. They finally traced it back to patient zero, Gaspard Menga. Everyday Gaspard would travel from his home Kikwit into the Foret Pont Mwembe. It was roughly an 18 mile journey for the man.
He would burn wood to charcoal and sell it for fuel. But in 1995 that was over when Gaspard fell ill and died. By the time they traced the disease back to him scientists from the WHO and the CDC Atlanta had a new goal. Find out where Ebola was hiding at when it wasn’t virulently decimating human populations.
It couldn’t be insects. Insects were literally everywhere in the region and if they were the carrier the disease would be much further reaching. Since most large game in the area had been hunted into extinction all that remained behind were small monkeys, rats, bats, and snakes that composed the diet of the indigenous people. None of these were found to be the source either. Scientists were baffled.
From 1976 until now they’re still uncertain of what the Ebola Virus progenitor is, but they have decided the most likely cause is bats. See bats are kind of sloppy, and their food chain has a trickle-down effect. They’ll drop partially eaten fruits and pulp which makes its way into plants that feed off the soil or into animals through direct contact. The disease is then thought to manifest within a new organism and mutate into a strain which can affect humans. This new strain is then passed off onto us through contact with the infected organism through consumption or through contact with their bodily fluids in some way.
See, trickle-down effect.
So why bats? Because they’re known to already carry a kissing cousin of the Ebola virus known as Marburg’s.
“What the H-E double hockey sticks is that?!?!”
Calm yourself.
It’s time to explain the virus.

“This Isn’t Even My Final Form”


The Ebola virus is a Filovirus, and luckily (so far at least) it seems it’s one of two in the family with a taste for human blood. The other members include Marburg’s virus, the recently (still being bickered over…) discovered Cuevavirus, and the Reston virus. Marburg has had about as rich of a history as Ebola has, however its infection rate has been much, much lower. Let’s talk about the taxonomy of that one virus first.
Marburg’s Virus is named after the place that suffered the initial outbreak. In 1967, German Scientists in a facility in Marburg were playing with infected monkeys. Somehow while handling the tissue the disease jumped hosts, infecting 31 people in total, seven of which died.
Marburg’s virus, like Ebola, is a hemorrhagic fever. It’s less virulent in us however, but to primates, it spells disaster. The other deadly murderer of monkeys is the Reston virus. In the 1980s a facility in Virginia, United States suffered an outbreak amongst its primate specimens. To avoid possible pandemic all the test subjects were euthanized in their cages and Hazmat teams disposed of the corpses.
So what do these viruses do? I won’t bore you with the tedious details surrounding their pathophysiology but I will give you the criteria to be included in the family of Filoviruses. First and foremost the disease has to ultimately gestate into a hemorrhagic fever. Secondly it needs to be able to infect pigs and bats within nature and exclusively replicate itself within the cytoplasm of a host cell.
Shape, size, and weight are factored in as well. But another key component of classification is the ability of the virus to adapt itself through serial passage from host to host. That is how diseases like Lloviu Virus (Cuevavirus) passes down from bats and manifests itself as Marburg’s or Reston’s within primates. That is how it is believed certain strains have adapted themselves to pass onto us in the form of Ebola.
Viruses don’t care about your political agenda.
They don’t care about your sexual preference, age, height, weight, gender, religious beliefs, or what your dreams and aspirations are. Viruses only care about one thing, replication and survival. That is why Ebola is classified as a Level-4 biohazard by the CDC and WHO and calls for Level-5 containment protocols. That is the highest either scale goes.
So now we know its history and what it is, only a few more questions remain. Next we’re going to talk about the current outbreak and how it’s being handled, signs and symptoms of the disease, and what parts of the world are currently being affected.

932 Souls and Counting


As you can see from that graph, since 1976 there hasn’t been an outbreak with a more significant death toll than the one we’re currently facing. As of the time of this writing on August 7th, 2014, the current death toll throughout the five or so nations afflicted has almost risen to 1,000 and the disease is still raging. Having just spread into the neighboring country of Nigeria, a closely knitted community of 21 million or so odd people, the crisis level has risen to response level 1 of all disease control agencies worldwide.
And it isn’t just the Congo for the first time being affected by this disease. United Kingdom and United States aid workers have been stricken with it, the head doctor of Ebola pathology in Sierra Leone died of the disease, and a man named Patrick Sawyer, a U.S. citizen, died under quarantine in Nigeria. Patients have been flown back to facilities in the United States for experimental treatment. The entire world is in a panic over this.
Which brings us to the initial question of the article.
Should you be scared of Ebola?
My answer, even after all of this, is still, depends.
Do you have an inordinately high fever? Does every muscle and joint in your body feel like its torn or ripped out of socket? Do you have a severe headache with extreme sensitivities to light and sound? Chills? Weakness? Nausea?
If so…ask yourself this question…
Have you come into contact recently with anyone who works with the WHO, CDC, or been on a business trip to Africa in the last six months? If so, get your *** down to the CDC, if not, then kindly get off of WebMD, take two Excedrin and a nap, you’re probably hung-over.
The disease can rear its head anywhere from 2 to 21 days after infection. Usually in the course of a few weeks you’re either dead or getting better. The later symptoms of the disorder include vomiting, bloody stools, red sclera (The white area of the eye), chest pain and horrible coughing fits, stomach pain, extreme emaciation from vomiting and inability to ingest foods, internal bleeding, external bleeding from orifices (i.e. eyes, ears, nose, anus) and eventually death.
Let’s be real here for a second, you don’t even see side effects like that on American pharmaceuticals. Those are some horrible consequences and a truly horrific way for somebody to die. That’s why the fact that there is no known cure makes for such a panicky matter.
After the second major outbreak in Zaire occurred a man named Dr. William Close wrote a book entitled “Ebola”. When interviewed for the Nova documentary mentioned before he is quoted as saying, “We can no longer live in our isolationist state of thinking anymore. We are a small community of nations and when one coughs nobody sleeps.”
His words couldn’t ring more true, especially pertaining to this current crisis.
Agencies are banding together though in the name of humanity to try and find a cure for this disease. Scientists are racing round the clock to save as many lives as they can while aid workers do their best to quarantine areas of outbreaks and try to keep casualties minimized.
So what are some of these “cures” they’re working on? Let’s talk about those last here today.

Tobacco’s Got Yo’ Back


That’s right folks, you read that correctly. Tobacco it seems is the answer to the problem. Well…maybe not just tobacco, but a protein found within the cells of genetically modified tobacco plants. I know what you’re saying, “Uh oh, there’s the G M Oh no you didn’t word again.” Sorry to say this folks, but get used to GMOs, they’re here to stay.
That debate is for another day, but what isn’t up for debate are the beneficial effects this protein has been found to have on primate “participants” in the initial trials. The treatment is called ZMapp, and it’s what was given to two U.S. aid workers who contracted Ebola while working in Liberia. As of two days ago, reports were circulating the internet about their improvement, but so far, not many publications are willing to cite ZMapp as the cure.
So what is it?
The tobacco plants are what are known as bioreactor plants. They’re encoded with a specific gene that enables the production of antibodies against a certain pathogen. Once exposed to the disease, the plants produce the antibodies in large quantities to fend it off, once this has happened the scientists harvest the proteins responsible for warding off the illness and culture it into a serum that can then be used to inoculate people against it or even cure those who are afflicted.
We’ve done things like this for a long time. Remember Alexander Fleming? (No not the guy who wrote James Bond, that’s Sir Ian Fleming, but nice try…) Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin. How did he do it you ask? Accidentally, but he was using bacteria to culture proteins that could be distilled into an antivirus. What about the production of synthetic insulin? We encode E. Coli bacterium with the insulin producing gene and harvest them.
Further trials will be needed, and I’m sure given the virulence of this pathogen the CDC and WHO may be willing to move ahead with human trials using volunteers. I know for a fact that, while I’m not worried about contracting Ebola considering where I live in the world, if I did get it, I would sign up for that trial in a heartbeat.
Wouldn’t you?

-       Ryan Sanders


Thanks for reading! If you enjoyed the article feel free to share it around on Facebook, Twitter, and Reddit, don’t forget to head over to the To Infinity and…In Theory Facebook page and give us a like, follow us on Twitter @ToInf_InTheory, and give this article a thumbs up if you learned something today! For further reading follow any of the links below and have a wonderful and safe Ebola free day! Happy Learning!

-       Wiki on Reston Virus
-       Wiki on Marburg’s
-       Wiki on Lloviu Virus
-       Wiki on Filoviruses
-       Wiki on Ebola Virus







Wednesday, August 6, 2014

ESA's 10 Year Gambit Pays Off: Rendezvous With Rosetta (Update)



Earlier this year in January we talked about the European Space Agency’s ambitious plans to land a spacecraft on a comet rocketing through space. The spacecraft, named Rosetta, orbited the sun in hibernation mode until a lucky winner from here on Earth got to issue her, her 7am wake-up call. After that, it was time to get to work.
After ten long years, a billion euros, and a whole lot of nail-biting and prayer, Rosetta is ready to “rock” and roll. (Heh, asteroid puns…) So what exactly was the ESA’s plan for Rosetta? First and foremost to dock with the comet known as 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. But that begs the bigger question, why?
Mainly because it will be the first time a project like this has been attempted. It will give us a much clearer understanding of how comets are formed, what they’re made of, and quite possibly, whether or not they contain the necessary building blocks of life. Namely carbon, bio-organisms, and of course, water.
As of the time of this writing, August 6th, 2014, Rosetta has made contact right on schedule. To read our original report on Rosetta from back in January and get some information on the differences between celestial bodies in our solar system check out that entry here (Earth To Rosetta, Time To Wake Up).
Now without further ado, let’s see what a comet looks like up close.


“Rubber-Ducky, You’re The One…”


Coined, it seems, by the media as a “Rubber-Duck” shaped object, 67P/Churyumov is an oddly shaped little fella. Well…little is sort of a relative term when talking about massive celestial objects like this. 67P is what’s considered to be a contact binary. This means that there are actually two asteroids sort of fused together that formed their shape.
This is caused due to gravity. The two objects are attracted to one another (love at first sight) until the point where they touch. Since space is cold and comets are essentially (assumptively for now anyway) mainly composed of ice and rock, a fusion takes place and the two are joined together into one solid object.
Today, after a seven minute thrust period, Rosetta was able to beam back images of the comet to Earth, (See a slideshow presented by the ESA here) in Darmstadt, Germany. “This is your only chance to have a rendezvous with a comet,” said Jean-Jacques Dordain. He is the director-general of the ESA, and he’s right. This mission has been up in the air, literally, since March of 2004 when it was launched from French Guinea. Heck, 67P wasn’t even their original target! (Read our last article from January for more)
Now, Rosetta is orbiting the object at a safe distance of 100km (around 62 miles) away. The probe caught up with 67P as it made the last leg of its 6 and a half year journey toward the sun. The comet was moving at 55,000 km/h (roughly 34,000 MPH), which made the requirements leading up to this historic event all the more significant.
What were those requirements you ask? Let’s talk briefly about those next.

“I’m Getting Kinda Dizzy here…”


For ten years Rosetta made its lazy loop cycle around the sun, gathering energy on its massive solar array to be able to carry out its duties. Every time it made one of these loops it built up speed. Finally, after about a half dozen or so spins around the sun it was ready to wake up and take off. It should be. It only had to log 6.4 billion kilometers in travel time (that’s about 4 billion miles) to get to that point.
Not only did Rosetta have to be able to catch the comet, it also had to have enough power to analyze it when it got there. After all, it wouldn’t make much sense to have a billion dollar piece of tech just wave at the thing. Its solar array had to be able to garner enough energy to re-power the thrusters once the comet’s trajectory was in line.
The good news? Everything went off without a hitch, and the ESA couldn’t be more tickled. So now what? Well Rosetta is going to ride in tandem with the comet for a while and record information on it, including temperature, size, composition, and much, much more.
So what have they discovered so far about 67P? Quite a bit actually. Let’s talk about that next. We’ll start with what we already knew about this heavenly body in the next section and finish the last segment off with a quick fact sheet. (And I do mean facts, this isn’t FOX “News”…)

My…What Big Craters You Have


On September 11th, 1969 at the Alma-Ata Astrophysical Institute, researcher Svetlana Ivanova Gerasimenko was analyzing photographic plates of the comet 32P/Comas SolĂ¡ when fellow astronomer Klim Ivanovych Churyumov decided to join her. He spotted a comet-like object near the edge of the plate but this was just blown off at the time as being part of Comas SolĂ¡.
That’s when Churyumov returned home to his institute in Kiev, Ukraine. He examined all of the plates under closer scrutiny and made a strange discovery. The object in the photograph that he had initially wrote off as part of Comas SolĂ¡ was actually a different object. How did he know this? It was about 1.8 degrees off of the expected position, which meant that Comas SolĂ¡ was actually way bigger than they thought, or they were looking at a different object altogether.


What’s he holding up there you ask? A photographic plate. What’s a photographic plate? It’s the original method for capturing images of space. Plates predated film as the primary medium for capturing high resolution images of the stars above. Such plates respond to ~2% of light received and were made of glass, which meant that they were far more stable than film. Film had a tendency to bend and distort images captured of light, and when you’re trying to target exactly where an object is millions of miles away, the smallest variation in the photograph can throw your calculations off by thousands of miles.
Photographic plates have been largely replaced by digital imaging which is even more accurate and with far higher resolutions, but it is a little piece of nostalgia for some. Several archives have been established solely for the preservation of this outdated, but still very cool technology.
For the sake of time constraints we’ll talk more about photographic plates I’m sure in the future, for now though, we need to head back to Churyumov and Geramisenko. They discovered that 67Ps perihelion distance was about 2.7 AU (about 2.5 million miles) but a close encounter with Jupiter had altered its orbit slightly, putting it at around 1.9 AU from perihelion, where it remains today.
            I know, I know, what’s perihelion…
Why, it’s the opposite of aphelion of course!
Perihelion means the object will be closest in its orbit to the sun. Perihelion for comet 67P will be reached in 2015, but it doesn’t necessarily have to be super close to the sun in order for researchers to gather the information on it they’re looking for.




The whole goal of Rosetta is to gather information on the comet as it closes in on its closest orbit to the sun. Why you ask? Because once it reaches flanking position to our star it will begin to heat up. Once it heats up it will begin to display its tail, or coma. Once this happens the real fun begins.

Don’t Let ‘Em See You Sweat


“After ten years, five months, and four days travelling towards our destination, looping around the sun five times, we are delighted to announce that finally ‘we are here’.” Said Jean-Jacques this morning in a statement issued to the press. Talk about dedication. So what have they discovered?
Well first off, 67P/Churyumov looks as though it has been through a war. The surface is littered with craters, hills, and steep cliffs. At over two miles wide and two and a half miles across it’s got quite a few features to explore. Naturally, this is extremely exciting to astronomers (and space geeks like me…respectfully) because it offers the first ever up close and personal imagery taken of a comet.
Rosetta and “Chury” now reside somewhere between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, around 250 million miles away. Now it’s important to note that there have been other missions performed by various space agencies in which flybys of comets have been accomplished. The difference with this mission is the longevity, and not just the amount of time it took to get us there.
Rosetta will stalk the comet for around a year, mapping and measuring its changes as 67P is affected by solar radiation from the sun. Over ten thruster maneuvers have been performed since May just to get the comet and the satellite in alignment with one another. Had any of those delicate thruster tasks failed, the entire mission would have been scrubbed.
Above we talked about “Contact Binaries”. That isn’t the only possibility to describe 67Ps odd shape and size. Another theory is that as it passed by the sun in previous orbits, ice melted away from the comet giving it it’s strange “Rubber-duck” shape. Another possibility could have been from collisions.
One thing is certain though, the comet is a sweaty one. Even at its current distance from the sun it’s beginning to show signs of transpiration. Comet 67P is giving off about 300 ML of water per second as it rockets through space. But Rosetta isn’t just checking to see how sweaty 67P gets after a workout; it’s actually scanning the comet searching for a viable landing site.
For what you ask? For Philae of course!



Later this year, after gravitational forces have been properly measured and a landing site has been determined, in November, Philae is slated to detach from Rosetta and harpoon itself into position on the comet. I know what you’re wondering, “Why do they want to do that?” Let’s explore that in our final section today shall we.

From Hell’s Heart I Stab At Thee!


Once the geography and climatological measurements have been adequately explored and mapped by Rosetta, then the real challenge begins. The smaller lander, Philae, will fire a harpoon at the comet and draw itself onto the surface. From there, small drills will disengage from the feet of the lander and bore into the comet securing it into place. Once Philae is positioned the up close analyses can begin.


That unassuming looking object in the photograph above is the SD2 drill that has been equipped onto Philae. Once the lander has an appropriate landing site and is firmly in place the drill will take over. Capable of boring through material soft as snow or hard as basalt, the drill will take samples of the comet at varying depths, up to 230mm.
Other instruments on the landing craft include an alpha-proton-X-ray spectrometer which will use imaging to better determine composition of “Chury”. Two gas chromatograph/mass spectrometers will determine primordial gaseous elements contained within the comet, two other highly sensitive instruments contribute to the experiment as well that will be used to study isotopic abundances and to identify organic compounds.
Philae is intended to give us insight into the primordial makeup of the comet. Comets are considered the oldest of celestial bodies floating around the heavens and better understanding of these beautiful entities may lead to a better understanding of where we came from. After all, if you subscribe to the theory of evolution than you understand we most likely evolved from single celled organisms. Scientists are hoping for the first time to get a glimpse at single celled organisms growing on a comet.
We’ve had encounters with comets, asteroids, and meteorites before here on Earth. The problem with determining whether or not organisms lived on them or not is that once they collide with the Earth, samples quickly become contaminated by the plethora of life on our little blue ball. By studying the comet in space, scientists will be able to get a clear view of where life may have originally come from, long before our planet even formed.
Unfortunately we’ll have to wait until November to find out what Philae discovers but you can bet I’ll be following this story closely and when more news breaks I’ll be sure to pass it along. Thank you all for reading!

-       Ryan Sanders



Thanks for coming along on this journey through space today! As always, share this around on Twitter, Reddit, and Facebook and feel free to follow any of the links below for more information on anything we discussed here today. Happy Learning everyone!